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How effective are vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintenance of cognitive function in cognitively healthy people aged 40 and over?
There was no good evidence to suggest that middle‐age or older people could preserve cognitive function or prevent dementia by taking vitamin or mineral supplements. Vitamins were considered broadly in the categories of B vitamins (B6, B12 and folic acid), antioxidant vitamins (beta-carotene/vitamin A, vitamins C and E) and combinations of both. Chromium was the only mineral considered. There were a few positive results associated with long‐term use of antioxidant vitamins, particularly beta‐carotene and vitamin C, although the effects were small.
There were very few data on supplementation starting in midlife (<60 years). Only 10 studies had an average length of follow‐up longer than 5 years. Only 1 trial assessed progression to dementia due to Alzheimer disease, and no studies assessed progression to all‐cause dementia.
Vitamins and minerals play multiple functions within the central nervous system, which may help to maintain brain health and optimal cognitive functioning. Supplementation of the diet with various vitamins and minerals has been suggested as a means of maintaining cognitive function, or even of preventing dementia, in later life.
Rutjes AWS et al. Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid-to-late life. Cochrane Reviews, 2018, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD011906. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011906.pub2. This review contains 28 studies involving over 83,000 participants.
Otolaryngologist, head and neck surgeon Francis T. Hall discusses the evaluation of thyroid nodules, which primarily aims to determine the likelihood of malignancy. He then reviews the treatment of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, including recent advances in management
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