For older people and frail people, the long-term benefit of medicines reduces and the potential for harm from adverse effects increases. When the benefit–risk balance changes in this way, medicine review and optimisation are important to simplify the therapeutic regimen, reduce inappropriate medicines and minimise risks. In this article, pharmacist prescriber Linda Bryant uses two case studies to illustrate important considerations during medicine reviews
Gender-affirming surgery: Don’t be too quick to sharpen the knife
Gender-affirming surgery: Don’t be too quick to sharpen the knife

Sexual health specialist Massimo Giola discusses a standard re-referral for a transgender patient wanting surgery, which turns out to be not so straightforward
Kia ora and welcome to New Zealand Doctor Rata Aotearoa
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1. Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, et al. Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. Int J Transgend Health 2022;23(Suppl 1):S1–259.
2. Callander D, Wiggins J, Rosenberg S, et al. The 2018 Australian Trans and Gender Diverse Sexual Health Survey: Report of Findings. Sydney, NSW: Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney; 2019.
3. Byrne JL, Tan KKH, Saxton PJ, et al. PrEP awareness and protective barrier negotiation among transgender people attracted to men in Aotearoa New Zealand. J Int AIDS Soc 2022;25(Suppl 5):e25980.