For older people and frail people, the long-term benefit of medicines reduces and the potential for harm from adverse effects increases. When the benefit–risk balance changes in this way, medicine review and optimisation are important to simplify the therapeutic regimen, reduce inappropriate medicines and minimise risks. In this article, pharmacist prescriber Linda Bryant uses two case studies to illustrate important considerations during medicine reviews
Turning the tide: New Zealanders unite to curb harmful drinking
Turning the tide: New Zealanders unite to curb harmful drinking

“New Zealanders strongly support confiscating cars from repeat drink drivers, targeted support programmes for harmful drinkers and alcohol education programmes in schools”, said NZABC Executive Director Virginia Nicholls.
For the past six years the NZ Alcohol Beverages Council (NZABC) has independently surveyed 1000 Kiwis and found the support for the following (net harm) reduction measures continue to have significant support:
- Confiscating cars from repeat drink drivers +79% (2019: 80%)
- Targeted support programmes for harmful drinkers +78% (2019: same)
- Alcohol education programmes in schools +70% (2019: 72%)
- Heavier fines for drunk and disorderly behaviour +59% (2019: 56%)
- Allow Police to issue spot fines for minor alcohol related offences +55% (2019: 36%)
- Use alcohol interlocks in cars to reduce drink driving +54% (2021: same)
- Alcohol education programmes in workplaces +44% (2022: 54%)
Since 2014 the total number of New Zealanders convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs has declined by 27% from 20,972 to 15,365 (2024).
Men factor in the stats considerably more than women with nearly four out of five convictions for drink driving and/or drugs are men.
The recent NZ Road Safety Week showed the number of alcohol-related road deaths reduced by nearly 40% (from 2023 to 2024).
Alcohol interlock court mandated orders have increased from 262 (2015) to 3,972 in 2024. From 2018, alcohol interlock orders became mandatory (with some exceptions) for repeat offences and first offences with very high breath or blood alcohol readings.
“Most of us agree that targeted education and support programmes create a better understanding of responsible drinking – a fact borne out by the fact that 70% of the New Zealanders surveyed agreed that such programmes reduce alcohol-related harm”, said Virginia.
Since 2019 the Tomorrow Project – a social change charity governed by Spirits NZ, NZ Winegrowers and the Brewers Association has funded the Life Education Trust to deliver ‘Smashed’ a theatre-in-education programme for high school students that provides practical information and advice to support better decision making.
Independent research showed the programme was supporting positive changes to youth drinking culture.
In NZ we are drinking less and drinking better with the move to moderation as part of a balanced lifestyle.
The annual NZ Health survey provides information on New Zealander’s health and wellbeing shows that 83.4% of NZ adults (five out of six of us) are drinking beer, wine and spirits responsibly. This is an increase of 4.7 percentage points over the past four years (78.7% 2019/20).
Hazardous drinking or harmful alcohol consumption among adults over the past four years has declined to 16.6% (21.3% 2019/20).
The Stats NZ alcohol consumption per capita has also declined by 28.3% since 1986.